Unlocking Europe’s Living Opportunity

With demand surging and institutional ownership lagging, Europe’s residential sector offers a rare opening for strategic, locally executed investments

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Executive summary

  • Europe faces a chronic housing shortage and surging rental demand, which has created one of the most pronounced supply-demand imbalances in global real estate.

  • A growing cohort of long-term renters is reshaping the market and creating strong demand for professionally managed and energy-efficient rental housing.

  • Despite favorable market conditions, institutional ownership remains low due to fragmented regulations and operational complexity. Overcoming these barriers requires local expertise and end-to-end execution.

  • Target markets like Germany, Italy, France, UK and Spain offer distinct entry points – from repriced market conditions and reconfigurations to energy efficiency upgrades, each shaped by local demographics, policy, and economic fundamentals.

  • By combining vertically integrated execution and operational depth with local insights, Partners Group is positioned to unlock long-term growth across Europe’s underpenetrated residential markets.
 
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Introduction

Across Europe, residential markets are facing a growing challenge. A chronic housing shortage, combined with surging rental demand, has created one of the most acute supply-demand imbalances in global real estate.

This is not a temporary dislocation, but a long-term trend shaped by demographic shifts, urban migration, and delayed homeownership. These dynamics signal a landscape ripe for investment. Yet, despite the strength of the fundamentals, institutional capital remains underrepresented in this space. Fragmented markets, complex regulations, and local nuances have limited institutional penetration, which – unlike markets such as the US – has left much of the sector underserved and inefficiently managed.

In this paper, we examine how institutional investors can unlock the potential of Europe’s residential markets. We explore how differentiated access through the cultivation of deep local expertise, operational excellence, and a long-term perspective underpin success. We also highlight the regions presenting the most compelling opportunities and demonstrate with case studies that leveraging local knowledge and operational capabilities is essential for achieving meaningful value and long-term growth.

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Building conviction

Europe's residential sector faces a deepening structural imbalance. As urbanization and migration draw populations towards economic centers and household formation accelerates due to demographic and cultural shifts, housing supply has failed to keep pace.

Demographic shifts and housing affordability challenges have delayed homeownership by ten years, giving rise to "Generation Rent" – long-term renters who prioritize flexibility, prime locations, and service-oriented living.

Stringent building regulations, limited land availability, and rising construction costs have severely constrained development activity, creating an estimated shortfall of over 9.5 million homes across the EU1. Vacancy rates in major cities have dropped below 3%, indicating near-full occupancy2. Yet, new construction has failed to keep up, with annual new deliveries projected to meet only 64% of 2025 demand.3

Investor interest is rising in response. Residential transaction volumes increased 24% year-on-year as of Q3 20254, reflecting growing market liquidity and confidence. Residential real estate is increasingly recognized as a defensive asset class with inflation- hedging characteristics, stable cash flows and a long trajectory for growth.

For those with the ability to execute locally and deliver professionally managed rental housing, the current environment offers both income stability and long-term growth potential.

The institutional investor gap

Institutional interest in European residential real estate is rising, driven by its resilient income stream and long-term appreciation potential. In a low-return environment, residential assets offer diversification and inflation protection. Yet institutional ownership remains low – just 10% of total stock in Europe versus 37% in the US.

This gap is largely structural. Fragmented regulations, tenant laws, and cultural norms across European countries create barriers for investors lacking local presence. These complexities lead to inefficiencies in property management and a shortage of professionally managed rental stock, even in major markets like the UK, France, and Italy.

To access stable income and long-term growth, investors must partner with platforms that offer operational depth and local market expertise. These established players are key to navigating regulatory nuances and unlocking value in an underpenetrated sector.

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Local and operational expertise as a strategic edge

Successfully navigating Europe’s residential markets requires more than capital – it demands deep local knowledge, operational capability, and long-term commitment. The fragmented nature of these local markets presents meaningful barriers to entry. Managers without established local presence often face challenges in sourcing deals, navigating planning systems, and managing assets effectively.

This complexity has led to the emergence of vertically integrated real estate platforms designed to improve efficiency and investment performance. These platforms consolidate key functions, from development oversight and construction to asset optimization and property operations. By internalizing these capabilities, managers can better align activities across the investment lifecycle, reduce reliance on third-party providers, and minimize net operating income (NOI) leakage.

In practice, this means that instead of paying layers of third-party developers, property managers, and service providers – each of whom extracts their own margin – a vertically integrated platform keeps these functions in-house and fully aligned with the objective of long-term value creation. By directly managing procurement, standardizing operations across assets, and reinvesting operational insights back into design and asset management, vertically integrated managers offer better control over the entire value chain while ensuring service quality that drives tenant satisfaction and retention. The overall result is lower operating expenses, fewer external fee leakages, and stronger, more sustainable income streams.

Recognizing the value that vertical depth brings for investors, Partners Group acquired Empira Group, a vertically integrated real estate investment manager headquartered in Switzerland, in January 2025. Founded in 2014, Empira is focused on the residential sector, with a portfolio of gross development value of around USD 17 billion. Empira Group's investment strategies include European residential; US residential; build-to-rent (BTR), transition-to-green, which involves creating value through sustainability initiatives; and real estate credit.

Maintaining direct control over the entire value chain enables consistent execution and quality standards. For example, owning the technology stack facilitates data collection and analysis, which can drive improvement in tenant satisfaction, operational efficiency, and portfolio performance.

Yet, operational integration is only part of the story. A critical, often overlooked component in private rented sector operations is the development of a recognizable brand identity. For tenants, a strong brand signals quality, reliability, and consistent service standards across properties. This recognition influences rental decisions and supports premium positioning in competitive markets. For investors, brand strength provides transparency into operational capabilities and track record. In the Country Spotlights section below, we examine how the combination of an integrated approach and brand development has yielded measurable results in our portfolio.

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Mapping Europe’s Real Estate Hotspots

Europe’s real estate markets vary widely, making location selection complex. To navigate this complexity, Partners Group's Real Estate team conducted a comprehensive analysis of European markets using our proprietary framework. This analysis combines quantitative data with expertise from both our in-house team and extensive local network to understand each market's unique characteristics.

Our proprietary model serves two key functions: identifying optimal target locations and defining our broader living location strategy. The outcome is a ranking of European locations based on their relative attractiveness and Partners Group's overall market conviction.

Country Spotlights

Germany

Germany stands out as Europe’s most attractive residential real estate market. This is driven by a combination of structural, economic, and regulatory factors that make it particularly compelling for institutional capital.

At the core of Germany’s appeal is a chronic housing undersupply. The country faces an annual shortfall of over 171,000 housing units, with construction activity at historic lows and vacancy rates below 1%.5 This imbalance is exacerbated by factors such as urbanization and immigration, especially in cities like Berlin, Munich, and Leipzig, which are projected to lead national GDP growth. Despite the demand pressure, rental affordability remains high, with rents consuming less than 27% of post-tax household income.6

Furthermore, only 8% of pre-2000 buildings7 meet investment-grade energy standards, presenting a vast opportunity for value creation through modernization. Most pre-2000 buildings fall into lower energy classes (D, E, F, or G), which are increasingly out of step with evolving ESG regulations and tenant expectations.

Empira targets these inefficient assets, particularly those rated D or E, and modernizes them to B rating, which represents the optimal balance between environmental impact and return on investment. Beyond B rating, incremental returns diminish significantly, making deeper retrofits less economically viable.

Italy

Italy’s major cities, including Milan and Rome, face persistent housing shortages driven by rising talent migration, smaller household sizes, and a growing young adult population. The rental sector remains underdeveloped, with outdated properties and limited institutional ownership.

Partners Group's strategy focuses on creating an institutional, vertically integrated residential management platform – OnPlace – which manages c. 1,000 units in Italy with a major focus on central Milan. Vertical integration reduces cost inefficiencies (lower NOI leakage) and allows for enhanced control over the value creation process, as well as for direct management of ancillary services, carried out at higher margins. We transform inefficient layouts into premium, Class A rental units with best-in-class amenities. This value-add approach is supported by tax incentives that attract international talent and strong tenant demand.

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Spotlight on vertical integration

Vertical integration is a core differentiator for real estate investing because it minimizes both operating expense (opex) leakage and NOI leakage.

For investors, vertical integration translates into more of rental income being captured and retained at the fund level, rather than dissipating through inefficiencies or third-party margins.

Modernizing homes in Germany with Empira's green transition strategy

Empira applies a vertically integrated model to acquire and modernize under-rented, energy-inefficient residential assets in Germany's top seven cities and their surrounding metropolitan regions. Properties with low energy ratings (D or E) are upgraded to B ratings through targeted green capex, such as insulation, heating systems, solar panels, and window  replacements. These improvements not only align with ESG standards but also unlock regulated rent increases – up to EUR 3 per square meter for green investments and up to 15% every three years under rent cap legislation. Empira’s in-house control over sourcing, development, and management reduces cost leakage and boosts NOI.

The strategy builds on the success of Empira's residential portfolio strategies, which delivered a 3.8% CAGR between 2019 and 2025 in rental income across over 4,300 units, with new leases  averaging 30% above existing rents. Importantly, these rent increases have not compromised affordability, as energy-efficient upgrades have significantly reduced utility costs, offsetting the rise in rent for tenants.

OnPlace and the power of consolidated services

 

Launched in 2022 by Partners Group and Investire SGR, OnPlace is Italy’s first institutional-grade, vertically integrated residential platform. It manages over 1,000 units across Milan, Turin, and Rome, consolidating traditionally fragmented leasing, capex planning, maintenance, and amenity services under one roof. This integration has improved both tenant experience and financial performance.

Since launch, tenant engagement has risen by 25% and vacancy periods have shortened from 38 to 29 days. Across c. 350 new rent agreements, rental rates achieved an average increase of 97.5%, with NOI up more than proportionally by c. 3.0x. This was the result of OnPlace's increased operational efficiency and high-margin ancillary services (e.g., furniture rentals, WiFi packages, etc).

OnPlace demonstrates how operational efficiency and brand consistency can unlock value. The platform exemplifies how vertical integration can unlock scale, consistency, and profitability in a historically fragmented market.

 

 

 

 

 

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Capturing the opportunity

Europe's residential sector is evolving, shaped by demographic shifts and rising tenant expectations. Meanwhile, re-priced capital markets are creating attractive entry points and strong rental growth fundamentals. Investors are drawn to the sector's stable, inflation-resistant returns, but accessing the opportunity requires more than capital. Partners Group is uniquely positioned to capitalize on this convergence.

Our vertically integrated model – combining strategic sourcing, operational control, and brand development – highlights how we transform residential properties, enhance tenant experience and generate performance. For investors looking to capitalize on Europe's residential opportunities, partnering with a platform that offers a combination of market insight, robust infrastructure, and strong execution capabilities is key to unlocking long-term value.

Author information

Henrik Orrbeck

Global Co-Head, Private Real Estate

Souad Cherfouh

Lead Investment Research, Private Real Estate

Marco Denari

Senior Investment Leader, Private Real Estate

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